According to the benefits of oxidative desulfurization (ODS) and ULTRASOUND assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) processes and in order to industrialize these processes, it is necessary that the kinetics of these processes be studied and modeled, so as to be able to design and simulate them in semi industrial and industrial scale. Therefore, kinetics modeling of oxidative desulfurization reaction of 4, 6-DMDBT over molybdenum catalyst supported on alumina has been investigated. For expression of reaction kinetics equations, Langmuir Hinshelwood and Eley Rideal mechanisms have been used. Genetic algorithm was used for optimization. Based on, Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley Rideal models results, Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism can describe the kinetic behavior of UAOD and ODS processes. Micro kinetics equations and rate determining step are identified according to the results of the models.

ULTRASOUND wave is a kind of WAVES with the frequency higher than the human audible frequency. Although ULTRASOUND was first used for military identification purposes, it has been used for decades for various other applications, especially medical applications. Medical applications of ULTRASOUND include diagnostic and therapeutic applications, such as for the treatment of cancer. In this paper, for the first time, electrostatically-actuated micro-speakers made of a dielectric elastomer (DE) have been used to generate and focus the ultrasonic WAVES using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology. The results have shown that a single micro-speaker could not generate an efficient focused wave, so an array of the micro-speakers has been considered. The layout of the micro-speakers is a square array of Bessel Panel. It has been shown that by adopting a suitable excitation frequency as well as number of the elements in the Bessel’ s panel, the DE-based capacitive micro-structures can focus the generated sound wave in a pre-determined area.

Introduction: ULTRASOUND is a medical imaging technique for evaluation and assessment of body deep tissues such as spleen, liver, muscles, tendons, blood vessels, and their lesions. In addition, it is used in pregnancy. Purkinje cells of cerebellum are largest cells in central nervous system which during growth and differentiation have high sensitivity to various factors, including environmental, genetic and chemical factors. Alcohol is one of the most common and most effective toxins that affect purkinje cells and reducing their number. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of the diagnostic ULTRASOUND WAVES on number of cerebellar purkinje cells in the alcoholic rat cerebellum.Materials & methods: Six female Wistar rats were selected for matting. After childbirth, the newborn were divided into six groups including one control group and five experimental groups (Alcoholic group and two groups with 3 and 5 MHz ULTRASOUND-exposed, and two groups with alcohol+ULTRASOUND-exposed groups that were exposed to 3 and 5 MHz ULTRASOUND WAVES). After animals scarification and preparation of tissue slices, purkinje cells of cerebellum were counted using Motic software. Statistical analysis performed using Tukey test and ANOVA variance analysis.Findings: The data showed that consumption of alcohol significantly decreased the number of purkinje cells of cerebellum and diagnostic ULTRASOUND WAVES compensate this reduction and significantly increased the number of purkinje cells.Discussion & Conclusion: according to results ULTRASOUND WAVES as noninvasive method can compensate number of cerebellar purkinje cells that have been decreased by alcohol, and can be a new strategy for the treatment of cerebellar disorders during the development.

Introduction: Canola seed is one of the most important oil seed with high ratio of oil and high nutritional value and is economically recommended for cultivation and oil extraction. Extraction with ULTRASOUND WAVES as a nondestructive and novel method might be employed. Therefore the aim of this research is optimization of extraction of canola oil by ULTRASOUND WAVES and RSM.Materials and Methods: In this project, Response Surface Methodology was employed for optimization of canola oil extraction by ULTRASOUND WAVES using hexane and hexane/isopropanol as solvents by the ratio of 3: 2 (v/v). The influence of extraction temperature in the range of 35, 45 and 55°C, ULTRASOUND treatment time for 30, 60 and 90 minutes and ratio of solvent to canola in three levels of 5, 10 and 15 ml/g were analyzed by Box-Behnken Design (BBD) based on extracted oil percent. The fatty acid compositions of the extracted oils using ULTRASOUND-assisted method and soxhlet method employing gas liquid chromatography were determined and compared.Results: According to the high values of correlation coefficients of selected models optimized for hexane solvent extraction methods (R2=0.93) and hexane-isopropanol solvent mixture (R2=0.97) and no significant lack of fit tests (P>0.05) selected models might be useful to predict the extraction percentage of canola oil.Conclusion: The results showed that the optimum conditions for canola oil extraction by hexane (22.39%) and combined hexane/isopropanol (30.66 %) were respectively at ULTRASOUND treatment times of 69.5 and 87 minutes, temperatures of 55 and 55°C and ratio of solvent to canola of 6.39 and 9.12 (%v/w). Extraction efficiency was significantly improved by ULTRASOUND as compared to the soxhlet extraction. Fatty acid compositions of the canola oils were not significantly affected by the application of ULTRASOUND (P>0.05). Therefore ULTRASOUND might be regarded as a simple and rapid method to improve the extraction of oil without affecting the quality of the fatty acids present.

Background: In order to quantify effects of ULTRASOUND irradiation parameters under therapeutic condition, especially sonodynamic therapy, it is initially necessary to evaluate inertial cavitation activity in vitro conditions; therefore, in this study, the effect of 1 MHz low level ULTRASOUND based on °OH radicals generated by acoustic inertial cavitation in aqueous solution was monitored by their reaction with terephthalic acid (TA) to produce fluorescent 2-Hydroxyterephthalate acid (HTA) by spectrofluorometry method (Terephtalic acid dosimetry). Materials and Methods: The study was designed to measure hydroxyl radicals in a field near to 1 MHz sonotherapy probe in progressive mode and low level intensity. The effect of ULTRASOUND irradiation parameters (1MHz) containing duty factor, mode, intensity ULTRASOUND and, time sonication in hydroxyl radical production have been considered. After preparation of solution of dosimetry and plotting calibration curve of spectrofluorescence, the effect of mode of sonication (continuous and pulsating), duty factor (20-80%), intensity (0-2 W/cm2, with step of 0.5 W/cm2), and sonication time (0-60min with step time of 10min) without increasing temperature to more than 3°C to determine the effective exposure in low level ULTRASOUND were evaluated. The fluorescence intensity of TA solution before and after irradiation, in all cases was measured, and the results were reported as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD). Results: The result of experiments related to sonication mode for 1MHz ULTRASOUND irradiation (2 W/cm2) show that continuous mode of sonication is 29% higher fluorescence intensity than the pulse mode in 80% duty cycle for sonodynamic therapy. With compensation of irradiation time for 1MHz sonication in different duty cycles, fluorescence intensity in continuous mode is 22% higher than the pulse mode in average. The amount of hydroxyl radicals production versus ULTRASOUND intensity, and sonication time show with increasing intensity or sonication time in continuous mode, the hydroxyl radical production is linearity increased (R=0.99). Conclusion: The results show that the terephthalic acid dosimetry is suitable for detecting and quantifying free hydroxyl radical as a criterion of inertial cavitation production over a range of condition in medical ULTRASOUND fields.  

Background: The presence of antibiotics in water resources is known as a serious threat to human and ecosystem health due to the creation of persistency in microorganisms. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the efficiency of potassium ferrate with ULTRASOUND WAVES (Fe(VI)-US) for the removal of ciprofloxacin. Methods: This was an experimental study conducted to evaluate the effect of potassium ferrate alone and with ULTRASOUND for the removal of ciprofloxacin. Moreover, the effective parameters, including contact time (5-10 minutes), initial concentration of antibiotic (10 and 15 mg. l-1), pH (4-9), and potassium ferrate concentration (15-150 mg. l-1) were investigated under different frequency (30-70 kHz) in a reactor for the removal of ciprofloxacin. The remained ciprofloxacin concentration in the solution was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet (UV) detector at 280 nm and reverse phase column C18. Findings: The removal rate of ciprofloxacin by potassium ferrate was obtained as 65-78%. The efficiency of ciprofloxacin removal increased by 5-8% through the application of potassium ferrate with ULTRASOUND WAVES (Fe(VI)-US). Moreover, the highest removal efficiency was 86% for the initial antibiotic concentration 10 mg. l-1, potassium ferrate concentration 150 mg. l-1, pH = 5, and frequency 60 kHz. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that potassium ferrate with ULTRASOUND can be effectively used for the removal of ciprofloxacin in aquatic solutions.

Background: ULTRASOUND WAVES are considered non-invasive, safe, and mechanical stimuli with unknown mechanisms.Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of acoustic cavitation interaction according to the mechanical index (MI) on fibroblast cells’ reproducibility and gene expression of collagen Ι as a skin repair agent.Material and Methods: In this interventional study, the ultrasonic pressure equations were solved to extracted the maximum mechanical indices with frequencies of 150 kHz, 40 kHz, 28 kHz and low intensity (<0.5 W/cm2). Groups were extracted with a mechanical index of 0.10, 0.20, and 0.40. Then, fibroblast cells were exposed to selected acoustic parameters from simulation. After 5 days, the proliferation was measured with an MTT (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, and collagen Ι expression was quantified.Results: Increasing reproducibility in the groups of 0.23 W/cm2 with 0.20 mechanical index threshold was calculated at 1.70±0.05 and 1.07±0.04 times higher in continuous and pulse modes compared to the control group. Reducing the proliferation in group 0.40 mechanical index was shown as compared with control and sham groups in pulse mode (P-value<0.05). The collagen Ι expression level of fibroblast cells in groups of control and 0.20 MI were 0.03±0.00 and 0.17±0.05, respectively. The acoustic vibration effects at 0.20 mechanical index have promoted fibroblast cell functions. Conclusion: Low-frequency and -intensity ULTRASOUND WAVES on the mechanical index threshold (cavitation threshold) increases the proliferation of fibroblast cell and the expression of collagen type Ι.

Considering the use of mechanical stimulation such as low-intensity ULTRASOUND for proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, it is essential to understand the physical and acoustical mechanisms of acoustic WAVES in vitro. In this study, modeling of the mechanical index (MI) was applied to provide treatment protocol and to understand the effective physical processes on reproducibility of stem cells. The acoustic pressure and mechanical index equations are modeled and solved to estimate optimal mechanical index for kHz and MHz frequencies for continuous exposure mode, transducer and the culture environment area in cylindrical coordinates. Based on the results of the axial and radial pressure distributions, regions with 0. 7 mechanical index (cavitation threshold), more and less than threshold of induced cavitation were identified for extracting of radiation arrangement to cell medium. In order to validate the results of the modeling, the acoustic pressure in the water and near field depth was measured by a piston hydrophone. Results of modeling and experiments show that the model is consistent with the experimental results of those having correlation coefficients of 0. 91 and 0. 90 (p<0. 05) for 1 MHz and 40 kHz transducer, respectively.

Background: Biological effects of ULTRASOUND WAVES and their applications in the presence of nanoparticles are a rapidly growing research area. In recent years, ultrasonic therapy of cancer cells has been developed successfully. In this study, effects of ULTRASOUND WAVES in the presence of gold nanoparticles on the melanoma cells were evaluated.Methods: The Melanoma cells were cultured and divided into 4 groups of control, gold nanoparticle, ULTRASOUND alone and ULTRASOUND WAVES at the presence of gold nanoparticle. ULTRASOUND irradiation at intensity of 2 W/cm2 was performed on the cells for 3 minutes.Findings: There was a significant difference in the percent of cell viability between the ULTRASOUND+gold nanoparticles and the other groups. In addition, there was a significant difference between the ULTRASOUND and the control groups, too.Conclusion: Results of this study reveal that ULTRASOUND in the presence of gold nanoparticles can be efficiently used for treatment of melanoma cells; as gold nanoparticles act as cavitation nuclei.

Humic substances mainly humic acids constitute the major fraction of natural organic matter in water supplies. They play an important role in the formation of harmful disinfection by products. Degradation of humic acids by means of ultraviolet radiation and ultrasonic irradiation processes was investigated in a laboratory-scale batch photoreactor equipped with an 300 W immersed-type medium-pressure mercury vapour lamp and sonoreactor with low frequency (42 kHz) plate type transducer at 170 W of acoustic power with emphasis on the effect of various parameters on degradation efficiency. Experiments were performed at humic acids initial concentrations varying between 2.5-10 mg/L. Oxidation of humic substances has been followed over time by measuring total organic carbon and UV absorbance in 254 nm and 436 nm. Initial results indicated a strong capacity of photolysis for degradation of humic substances. The results also showed that ultrasonic alone cannot be an efficient method for degradation of humic substances in comparison with UV process. The maximum degradation efficiency of humic substances after 90 min of irradiation, however, was only 5.7% and reached a maximum value of 9.5% after 300 min of irradiation. It was found that total organic carbon can be removed effectively by photolysis. It was also found that lower concentrations of humic substances favor the humic substances degradation. Also, the experimental results indicated that the kinetics of ultrasono-oxidation and photo-oxidation processes fit well by pseudo-first order kinetics.